This book contains seven selected chapters on the chemistry of calcium carbonate. Chapter One is an overview of the production and unique properties of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Chapter Two explores the potential for increasing the efficiency of doxorubicin delivery systems by means of transforming porous calcium carbonate vaterites into calcium phosphate structures. Chapters Three, Four, and Five each characterize calcium carbonate by different analytical methods. Chapter Three utilizes the X-ray fluorescence method, Chapter Four utilizes energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Chapter Five utilizes atomic force microscopy (AFM). Chapter Six is a mobile elements analysis of calcium carbonate by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization. Finally, Chapter Seven is a characterization of calcium carbonate’s mineral crystal structure using X-ray diffraction (XRD).