This volume includes eight chapters that detail the recent advances in materials science research. Chapter One summarizes the developments of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as a sensing platform for environmental and clinical applications, with a primary focus on optical and electrochemical sensors. It also attempts to determine the research gaps that obstruct the commercialization of MIP technologies. Chapter Two discusses the preparation of mixed matrix membranes containing some of the most representative porous fillers, such as silica, zeolite and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), including a review of the main preparation methods used on a laboratory scale. Chapter Three focuses on the sieving analysis technique for measuring particle size distribution and reviews its basic principles and operations of these techniques. It also details how to analyze particle size and morphology through image analysis techniques. Chapter Four presents the structural specialty of graphitic carbon nitride followed by various facets of device applications utilizing diverse theoretical and experimental studies. Chapter Five displays the thermochromic properties, challenges, and strategies for the future of vanadium dioxide for smart window practical applications. Chapter Six looks at how recycled rubberized concrete aggregates from the first generation can be used to partially replace natural coarse and fine aggregates in concrete mixes. Chapter Seven studies the role of various supports in the reforming of methanol with steam. Chapter Eight discusses adhesive solutions that are widely used in modern construction.