This volume includes six chapters that detail advances in materials science research. Chapter One highlights the most recent developments, future trends, and challenges in polymer-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices’ preparation methods, and applications of polymer-based microfluidic and MEMS devices generally. It also focuses on the synthesis of polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles in microreactors. Chapter Two shares the results of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) studies of objects produced by the Molecular Layering (ML) technology on substrates of various chemical nature and spatial organization. Chapter Three reviews applications of biomaterials in asphalt pavement and provides a direction for utilizing the best material based on their performance. Chapter Four presents structural speciality of graphitic carbon nitride followed by various facets of device applications utilizing diverse theoretical and experimental studies. Chapter Five discusses the development of polypropylene material using audio chassis applications. Lastly, Chapter Six proposes a novel structure of organic thin-film transistors (OTFT), named Inorganic-Pocket induced OTFT (IP-OTFT).