This volume contains ten chapters that detail recent advances in environmental research. Chapter One discusses how biopesticides and essential oils in particular may provide an environmentally friendly alternative to excessive synthetic insecticide use. Chapter Two presents the integration of socio-hydrological systems to address the water management issues in the Karnaphuli river in Bangladesh. Chapter Three discusses the hydroxyl radical induced oxidation mechanism of theophylline, a molecule which historically received the attention of both bio and environmental scientists. Chapter Four review focuses on the removal of various organochlorine pesticides from wastewater resources, and in particular the use of “nanoparticles.” Chapter Five presents research that aims to design a carrier matrix for the immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the intention of using it for the removal of Brilliant green dye (BG) from aqueous solutions. Chapter Six investigates the possibility of enhancing biogas production from anaerobic fermentation of algal slurry by peroxydisulfate pretreatment. Chapter Seven highlights the positive effects of crop rotation and cover cropping as traditional and more sustainable methods for weed control. Chapter Eight discusses the status of DNA barcode data, and its need, urgency, and usefulness in the context of insects considering cockroaches as a model system. This is attempted from the identified global biodiversity hotspot, the Western Ghats. Chapter Nine compiles some of the most recent studies on antibiotic resistance reported in vulture species. Lastly, Chapter Ten presents the characterization of essential oil from Lippia gracilis Schum and provides a description of the thermodynamic properties of its primary terpenes.