Females have long been viewed as the primary victims of sexual assault but, based on survey data, RAND estimated that in 2014, about 9,000 to about 13,000 male service-members were sexually assaulted. This book addresses the extent to which DOD has taken actions to prevent and respond to sexual assaults of male service-members; DOD's sexual assault prevention and response program is meeting the medical and mental health-care needs of male service-members; and the culture of the U.S. military poses distinct challenges for preventing and responding to sexual assaults of male service-members.