Humankind, materials, and engineering have emerged over the passage of time and are long-lasting to do so. All of us live in a world of self-motivated change, and materials are no exception. The advancement of society has historically depended on the improvement of materials to work with. Materials are significant to mankind because of the benefits that can be resultant from the treatment of their properties, for example electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, magnetization, optical transmittance, strength and toughness. Materials science is a broad field and can be considered to be an interdisciplinary area. Included within it are the studies of the structure and properties of any material, the creation of new types of materials, and the manipulation of a material's properties to suit the needs of a specific application. At some point of time or the other an engineering problem involves issues related to material selection. Understanding the behavior of materials, particularly structure property correlation, will help selecting suitable materials for a particular application. This book covers state of the art in all areas of materials science and metallurgy engineering. The work is intended to bring together important findings of leading experts, in developing and improving the technology that supports advanced materials and process development. Selected articles include research findings on advances made in materials that are used not only in complex structures but also in clinical treatments. The worldwide contributors of the chapters in this book have several areas of expertise. The book will appeal to university students, engineers and scientists to built further understanding in different areas of materials science and metallurgy engineering.